Redux 入门教程（三）：React-Redux 的用法(转) 丨 sunny的个人博客

前两篇教程介绍了 Redux 的基本用法和异步操作，今天是最后一部分，介绍如何在 React 项目中使用 Redux。

为了方便使用，Redux 的作者封装了一个 React 专用的库 React-Redux，本文主要介绍它。

这个库是可以选用的。实际项目中，你应该权衡一下，是直接使用 Redux，还是使用 React-Redux。后者虽然提供了便利，但是需要掌握额外的 API，并且要遵守它的组件拆分规范。

一、UI 组件

React-Redux 将所有组件分成两大类：UI 组件（presentational component）和容器组件（container component）。

UI 组件有以下几个特征。

只负责 UI 的呈现，不带有任何业务逻辑

没有状态（即不使用this.state这个变量）

所有数据都由参数（this.props）提供

不使用任何 Redux 的 API

下面就是一个 UI 组件的例子。


const Title <span class="token operator">=</span>
  value <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator"><</span>h1<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>value<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>h1<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

因为不含有状态，UI 组件又称为"纯组件"，即它纯函数一样，纯粹由参数决定它的值。

二、容器组件

容器组件的特征恰恰相反。

负责管理数据和业务逻辑，不负责 UI 的呈现

带有内部状态

使用 Redux 的 API

总之，只要记住一句话就可以了：UI 组件负责 UI 的呈现，容器组件负责管理数据和逻辑。

你可能会问，如果一个组件既有 UI 又有业务逻辑，那怎么办？回答是，将它拆分成下面的结构：外面是一个容器组件，里面包了一个UI 组件。前者负责与外部的通信，将数据传给后者，由后者渲染出视图。

React-Redux 规定，所有的 UI 组件都由用户提供，容器组件则是由 React-Redux 自动生成。也就是说，用户负责视觉层，状态管理则是全部交给它。

三、connect()

React-Redux 提供connect方法，用于从 UI 组件生成容器组件。connect的意思，就是将这两种组件连起来。


import <span class="token punctuation">{</span> connect <span class="token punctuation">}</span> from <span class="token string">'react-redux'</span>
const VisibleTodoList <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">connect<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>TodoList<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

上面代码中，TodoList是 UI 组件，VisibleTodoList就是由 React-Redux 通过connect方法自动生成的容器组件。

但是，因为没有定义业务逻辑，上面这个容器组件毫无意义，只是 UI 组件的一个单纯的包装层。为了定义业务逻辑，需要给出下面两方面的信息。

（1）输入逻辑：外部的数据（即state对象）如何转换为 UI 组件的参数

（2）输出逻辑：用户发出的动作如何变为 Action 对象，从 UI 组件传出去。

因此，connect方法的完整 API 如下。


import <span class="token punctuation">{</span> connect <span class="token punctuation">}</span> from <span class="token string">'react-redux'</span>

const VisibleTodoList <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">connect<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>
  mapStateToProps<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  mapDispatchToProps
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>TodoList<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

上面代码中，connect方法接受两个参数：mapStateToProps和mapDispatchToProps。它们定义了 UI 组件的业务逻辑。前者负责输入逻辑，即将state映射到 UI 组件的参数（props），后者负责输出逻辑，即将用户对 UI 组件的操作映射成 Action。

四、mapStateToProps()

mapStateToProps是一个函数。它的作用就是像它的名字那样，建立一个从（外部的）state对象到（UI 组件的）props对象的映射关系。

作为函数，mapStateToProps执行后应该返回一个对象，里面的每一个键值对就是一个映射。请看下面的例子。


const mapStateToProps <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>state<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    todos<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">getVisibleTodos<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>todos<span class="token punctuation">,</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>visibilityFilter<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

上面代码中，mapStateToProps是一个函数，它接受state作为参数，返回一个对象。这个对象有一个todos属性，代表 UI 组件的同名参数，后面的getVisibleTodos也是一个函数，可以从state算出 todos 的值。

下面就是getVisibleTodos的一个例子，用来算出todos。


const getVisibleTodos <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>todos<span class="token punctuation">,</span> filter<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  switch <span class="token punctuation">(</span>filter<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    case <span class="token string">'SHOW_ALL'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> todos
    case <span class="token string">'SHOW_COMPLETED'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> todos<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">filter<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>t <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>completed<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    case <span class="token string">'SHOW_ACTIVE'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> todos<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">filter<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>t <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">!</span>t<span class="token punctuation">.</span>completed<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    default<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">throw</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Error</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Unknown filter: '</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> filter<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

mapStateToProps会订阅 Store，每当state更新的时候，就会自动执行，重新计算 UI 组件的参数，从而触发 UI 组件的重新渲染。

mapStateToProps的第一个参数总是state对象，还可以使用第二个参数，代表容器组件的props对象。

<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">
// 容器组件的代码
</span><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//    <FilterLink filter="SHOW_ALL">
</span><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//      All
</span><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//    </FilterLink>
</span>
const mapStateToProps <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>state<span class="token punctuation">,</span> ownProps<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    active<span class="token punctuation">:</span> ownProps<span class="token punctuation">.</span>filter <span class="token operator">===</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>visibilityFilter
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

使用ownProps作为参数后，如果容器组件的参数发生变化，也会引发 UI 组件重新渲染。

connect方法可以省略mapStateToProps参数，那样的话，UI 组件就不会订阅Store，就是说 Store 的更新不会引起 UI 组件的更新。

五、mapDispatchToProps()

mapDispatchToProps是connect函数的第二个参数，用来建立 UI 组件的参数到store.dispatch方法的映射。也就是说，它定义了哪些用户的操作应该当作 Action，传给 Store。它可以是一个函数，也可以是一个对象。

如果mapDispatchToProps是一个函数，会得到dispatch和ownProps（容器组件的props对象）两个参数。


const mapDispatchToProps <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
  dispatch<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  ownProps
<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    onClick<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      <span class="token function">dispatch<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        type<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'SET_VISIBILITY_FILTER'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
        filter<span class="token punctuation">:</span> ownProps<span class="token punctuation">.</span>filter
      <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

从上面代码可以看到，mapDispatchToProps作为函数，应该返回一个对象，该对象的每个键值对都是一个映射，定义了 UI 组件的参数怎样发出 Action。

如果mapDispatchToProps是一个对象，它的每个键名也是对应 UI 组件的同名参数，键值应该是一个函数，会被当作 Action creator ，返回的 Action 会由 Redux 自动发出。举例来说，上面的mapDispatchToProps写成对象就是下面这样。


const mapDispatchToProps <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  onClick<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>filter<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    type<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'SET_VISIBILITY_FILTER'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
    filter<span class="token punctuation">:</span> filter
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

六、组件

connect方法生成容器组件以后，需要让容器组件拿到state对象，才能生成 UI 组件的参数。

一种解决方法是将state对象作为参数，传入容器组件。但是，这样做比较麻烦，尤其是容器组件可能在很深的层级，一级级将state传下去就很麻烦。

React-Redux 提供Provider组件，可以让容器组件拿到state。


import <span class="token punctuation">{</span> Provider <span class="token punctuation">}</span> from <span class="token string">'react-redux'</span>
import <span class="token punctuation">{</span> createStore <span class="token punctuation">}</span> from <span class="token string">'redux'</span>
import todoApp from <span class="token string">'./reducers'</span>
import App from <span class="token string">'./components/App'</span>

<span class="token keyword">let</span> store <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">createStore<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>todoApp<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">render<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span>Provider store<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>store<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator">></span>
    <span class="token operator"><</span>App <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">></span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>Provider<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getElementById<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">'root'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

上面代码中，Provider在根组件外面包了一层，这样一来，App的所有子组件就默认都可以拿到state了。

它的原理是React组件的context属性，请看源码。


class <span class="token class-name">Provider</span> extends <span class="token class-name">Component</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function">getChildContext<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      store<span class="token punctuation">:</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>props<span class="token punctuation">.</span>store
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token function">render<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>props<span class="token punctuation">.</span>children<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

Provider<span class="token punctuation">.</span>childContextTypes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  store<span class="token punctuation">:</span> React<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PropTypes<span class="token punctuation">.</span>object
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

上面代码中，store放在了上下文对象context上面。然后，子组件就可以从context拿到store，代码大致如下。


class <span class="token class-name">VisibleTodoList</span> extends <span class="token class-name">Component</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function">componentDidMount<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    const <span class="token punctuation">{</span> store <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>context<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>unsubscribe <span class="token operator">=</span> store<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">subscribe<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span>
      this<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">forceUpdate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

  <span class="token function">render<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    const props <span class="token operator">=</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>props<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    const <span class="token punctuation">{</span> store <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>context<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    const state <span class="token operator">=</span> store<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getState<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
   <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"> // ...
</span>  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

VisibleTodoList<span class="token punctuation">.</span>contextTypes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  store<span class="token punctuation">:</span> React<span class="token punctuation">.</span>PropTypes<span class="token punctuation">.</span>object
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

React-Redux自动生成的容器组件的代码，就类似上面这样，从而拿到store。

七、实例：计数器

我们来看一个实例。下面是一个计数器组件，它是一个纯的 UI 组件。


class <span class="token class-name">Counter</span> extends <span class="token class-name">Component</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function">render<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    const <span class="token punctuation">{</span> value<span class="token punctuation">,</span> onIncreaseClick <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> this<span class="token punctuation">.</span>props
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
      <span class="token operator"><</span>div<span class="token operator">></span>
        <span class="token operator"><</span>span<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>value<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>span<span class="token operator">></span>
        <span class="token operator"><</span>button onClick<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>onIncreaseClick<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator">></span>Increase<span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>button<span class="token operator">></span>
      <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>div<span class="token operator">></span>
    <span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

上面代码中，这个 UI 组件有两个参数：value和onIncreaseClick。前者需要从state计算得到，后者需要向外发出 Action。

接着，定义value到state的映射，以及onIncreaseClick到dispatch的映射。


<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">mapStateToProps<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>state<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    value<span class="token punctuation">:</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>count
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">mapDispatchToProps<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>dispatch<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    onIncreaseClick<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">dispatch<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>increaseAction<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">
// Action Creator
</span>const increaseAction <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> type<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'increase'</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

然后，使用connect方法生成容器组件。


const App <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">connect<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>
  mapStateToProps<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  mapDispatchToProps
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Counter<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

然后，定义这个组件的 Reducer。

<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">
// Reducer
</span><span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">counter<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>state <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> count<span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">0</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> action<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  const count <span class="token operator">=</span> state<span class="token punctuation">.</span>count
  switch <span class="token punctuation">(</span>action<span class="token punctuation">.</span>type<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    case <span class="token string">'increase'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> count<span class="token punctuation">:</span> count <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    default<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
      <span class="token keyword">return</span> state
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

最后，生成store对象，并使用Provider在根组件外面包一层。


import <span class="token punctuation">{</span> loadState<span class="token punctuation">,</span> saveState <span class="token punctuation">}</span> from <span class="token string">'./localStorage'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

const persistedState <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">loadState<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
const store <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">createStore<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>
  todoApp<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  persistedState
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

store<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">subscribe<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token function">throttle<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function">saveState<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    todos<span class="token punctuation">:</span> store<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getState<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>todos<span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

ReactDOM<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">render<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span>Provider store<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>store<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator">></span>
    <span class="token operator"><</span>App <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">></span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>Provider<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  document<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getElementById<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">'root'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

完整的代码看这里。

八、React-Router 路由库

使用React-Router的项目，与其他项目没有不同之处，也是使用Provider在Router外面包一层，毕竟Provider的唯一功能就是传入store对象。


const Root <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span> store <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span>Provider store<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>store<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token operator">></span>
    <span class="token operator"><</span>Router<span class="token operator">></span>
      <span class="token operator"><</span>Route path<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"/"</span> component<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>App<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">></span>
    <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>Router<span class="token operator">></span>
  <span class="token operator"><</span><span class="token operator">/</span>Provider<span class="token operator">></span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

（完）

文章转载于：阮一峰的网络日志

Sunny极致Web

所谓岁月静好负重前行

一、UI 组件

二、容器组件

三、connect()

四、mapStateToProps()

五、mapDispatchToProps()

六、组件

七、实例：计数器

八、React-Router 路由库

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Sunny极致Web

所谓岁月静好负重前行

一、UI 组件

二、容器组件

三、connect()

四、mapStateToProps()

五、mapDispatchToProps()

六、 组件

七、实例：计数器

八、React-Router 路由库

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点击这里取消回复。

六、组件